Sungbo's Eredo

Sungbo's Eredo, a rampart or system of walls and ditches that are located to the south-west of the Yoruba town of Ijebu-Ode in Ogun state southwest Nigeria. It is reputed to be the largest single pre-colonial monument in Africa.

Description

Total length of fortifications is more than 160 kilometres (100 miles). Fortifications consist of a ditch with unusually smooth walls and bank in the inner side of ditch. The height difference between the bottom of the ditch and the upper rim of the bank on the inner side can reach 20 metres. Works have been performed in laterite, a typical African soil consisting of clay and iron oxides. Ditch forms an uneven ring around the area of ancient Ijebu state, an area approximately 40 kilometres wide in north-south direction and 35 kilometres in an east-west direction. In many locations the ditch is a narrow corridor in the rainforest, with the walls flanked by trees and other vegetation, turning the ditch into green tunnel.

As a construction project, it required more earth to be moved than the Great Pyramid of Giza.

History

The Eredo served a defensive purpose when it was built in 800 - 1000 AD, a period of political confrontation and consolidation in the southern Nigerian rainforest. It was likely to have been inspired by the same process that led to the construction of similar walls and ditches throughout western Nigeria, including earthworks around Ile-Ife, Ilesa, and the Benin Iya, a 6,500 kilometer series of connected but separate earthworks in the neighboring Edo State-speaking region.

Sungbo's Eredo has also been connected with the legend of the Queen of Sheba which is recounted in both the Bible and Koran. In the Old Testament, she is described as having sent a caravan of gold, ivory and other goods from her kingdom to King Solomon. In the Koran she is an Ethiopian sun worshiper named Bilqis involved in the incense trade who converts to Islam. Local legends link the Eredo to a wealthy childless widow named Bilikisu Sungbo. According to them, the monument was built as her personal memorial. Her actual grave is located in Oke-Eiri, a town in a muslim area north of the Eredo. Pilgrims of Christian, Muslim and traditional African religions annually trek to the holy site in tribute to her.

It is believed that the Eredo was the means to unifying an area of diverse communities into a single kingdom. It seems that the builders of these fortifications deliberately tried to reach groundwater or clay to create a swampy bottom for the ditch. If this could be achieved in shallow depth, builders stopped, even if only at the depth of 1 meter. In some places small, conical idol statues had been placed on the bottom of the ditch.

The impressive size and complex construction of the Eredo drew worldwide media attention in September 1999 when Professor Patrick Darling, an archaeologist then with the University of Bournemouth, surveyed the site and began publicizing his bid to preserve the Eredo and bring the site some prominence. Previously, the Eredo had been little-known outside of community residents and specialists in Yoruba history. Forty years passed between Professor Peter Lloyd's publication of his analysis of the site and that of Darling, requiring a complete rethinking of West Africa's past.

World Heritage Status

This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on November 1st, 1995 in the Cultural category.

References

  • P.C. Lloyd, "Sungbo's Eredo," Odu, 7 (1959), 15-22.
  • Onishi, Norimitsu; "A Wall, a Moat, Behold! A Lost Yoruba Kingdom," New York Times, September 26, 1999.

External links

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