St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk

St. Mary's Church (Polish: Bazylika Mariacka, German: Marienkirche) or, properly, Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Polish: Bazylika Mariacka Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Gdańsku) is a Catholic church in Gdańsk, Poland; it is the largest brick church in the world (the highest being St. Martin's Church, Landshut, Germany), and one of the largest Brick Gothic buildings in Europe. Until 1945 it was the biggest Evangelical Lutheran church in the world. It is 105.5 m long, and the nave is 66 m wide. Inside the church is room for 25,000 people. It is an aisled hall church with a transept. It is a co-cathedral in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk, along with the main cathedral for the Archdiocese, the Bazylika archikatedralna w Gdańsku-Oliwie. (Basilica-Cathedral of Gdańsk-Oliwa).

History

According to tradition as early as 1243, a wooden Church of the Assumption existed in the place, built by Prince Swiętopełk II.

The foundation stone for the church placed the feast of the Annunciation on March 25, 1343. Initially the site of the church was occupied by a six-span basilica with a low turret, erected between 1343 and 1360. Parts of the pillars and lower levels of the turret are preserved from this building. In 1379 a masonry master Heinrich Ungeradin with his team started construction work on the present church. St. Mary's Church in Lübeck, the mother of all brick gothic churches dedicated to St. Mary in Hanseatic cities around the Baltic is assumed to be the archetype of the building. By 1447 the eastern part of the church was finished, and the tower was raised by two floors in the years 1452-1466.

Since 1485 the works were carried over by Hans Brandt, who supervised the erection of the main nave core. The works were finally finished after 1496 under Heinrich Haetzl, who supervised the construction of the vaulting. After the Reformation the church was converted to a Lutheran church. Since the kings of Poland who were the nominal heads of the City since the decay of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights remained Catholics, the baroque Catholic Royal Chapel was erected by Tylman Gamerski near to St. Mary's Church for the king's service, when he visited the City.

After the Partitions of Poland many precious items from the church, including cloths and vestments made of fabrics from ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, obtained during the Crusades, as well as renaissance wares from Venice, Florence and Lucca (more than 1000 items altogether), were removed by Prussian authorities. Many of them were later sold out (e.g. the winged triptych by Jan van Wavere was sold to archduke Maximilian, today in the Church of the Teutonic Order in Vienna and the sculpture of Madonna and Child by Michael of Augsburg from the main altar was sold to count Sierakowski, today in the chapel in Waplewo Wielkie), gold and silver reliquaries were melted down and golden threads from embroideries were reused in uniforms for Prussian officers.

Until 20th century both the church interior and exterior were well preserved. The church was severely damaged in World War II, during the storming of Danzig city by the Red Army in March 1945. The wooden roof burned completely and most of the ceiling fell in. 14 of the large vaults collapsed. The windows were utterly destroyed. In places the heat was so intense that some of the bricks simply melted, especially in the upper parts of the tower which acted as a giant chimney. The floor of the church containing priceless gravestone slabs was torn apart, allegedly by Soviet soldiers attempting to loot the corpses buried underneath.

Fortunately, most of the artworks from the interior survived, as they were evacuated for safekeeping to the villages surrounding the city. Many of these have returned to the church, but some are displayed in various museums around Poland. Efforts are underway to secure their return.

The reconstruction started shortly after the war in 1946. The roof was rebuilt in August, 1947. After the basic reconstruction was finished, the church was reconsecrated on November 17, 1955. The reconstruction and renovation of the interior is an ongoing effort and continues to this day.

After the flight and expulsion of the German population after World War II St. Mary's Church was given to the Catholics by the Polish authorities.

On November 20, 1965, by papal bull, Pope Paul VI elevated the church to the dignity of the basilica. On February 2, a decree was promulgated by the Congregation for Bishops establishing the Bazylikę Mariacką as the Gdansk Co-Cathedral in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk. The main cathedral for the Archdiocese is the Bazylika archikatedralna w Gdańsk-Oliwa. (Basilica-Cathedral of Gdańsk-Oliwa).

Architecture

Exterior

St. Mary's Church is a triple-aisled hall church with a triple-aisled transept. Both the transept and the main nave are of similar width and height, which is a good example of late gothical style. Certain irregularities in the form of the northern arm of the transept are remnants of the previous church situated on the very same spot.

The vaulting is a true piece of art, and was in great part restored after the war. Main aisle, transept and presbytery are covered by net vaults, while the side aisles are covered by crystal vaults.

The exterior is dominated by plain brick plains and high and narrow gothical arch windows. Such construction was possible due to placing corbels and buttresses inside of the church and erecting chapels right in between them. Gables are divided by a set of brick pinnacles. All corners are accentuated by turrets crowned by with metal headpieces (reconstructed after 1970).

Interior

Gate of Dawn.]] The church is decorated within with several masterpieces of Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque painting.

The most notable, The Last Judgement by Flemish painter Hans Memling, is currently preserved in the National Museum of Gdańsk. Other works of art were transferred to the National Museum in Warsaw in 1945. It wasn't until 1990s when several of them were returned to the church. The most notable parts of internal decoration are:

  • Jerusalem Altar, 1495-1500 (currently in the National Museum in Warsaw),
  • High Altar, 1511-1517, Michael of Augsburg
  • Ten Commandments, approx. 1485
  • Gravestone of Simon and Judith Bahr, 1614-1620, Abraham van den Blocke
  • Pietà, approx. 1420
  • Holy Mother of God sculpture, approx. 1420
  • Astronomical clock, 1464-1470, Hans Düringer of Toruń, reconstructed after 1945
  • Organ set, partially transferred from the St. Johns church in 1985

Bells

There are two bells in St Mary's Church. Both of them were cast in 1970 by foundry Felczyński in Przemyśl. The big one is called Gratia Dei , it weighs 7850 kg and sounds in nominal F sharp. The smaller bell is the so called Ave Maria, it weighs 2600 kg and sounds in C sharp. Of the prewar chimes, there still exist two bells. Osanna from 1632 today can be found in St. Andrew's Church, Hildesheim, Germany, and Dominicalis from 1719 can be found under the name Osanna in St. Mary's Church, Lübeck, Germany.

See also

  • Polish Gothic
  • History of Gdańsk

Notes and references

External links

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Лилия Панько
19 August 2013
Уникальное место. Удивительная атмосфера внутри здания. Часы Ганса Дюрингера - супер. и конечно же великолепный вид сверху на Гданьск.
Zita Patkos
25 February 2015
One of the largest brick Gothic churches in Europe and the largest brick church in the world. Inside there is an ancient astronomical clock, from the 1460s. You can go up to the tower via 405 steps.
Miasto Gdańsk
10 July 2013
The spire proudly towers over #Gdansk An observation platform on the top can be reached via 402 steps. The silhouette of the spire is easily recognizable. The view from the very top is breathtaking!
Miasto Gdańsk
9 July 2013
The St. Mary's Basilica proudly towers over #Gdansk - after all it is the largest brick Gothic church in Europe. The view from the very top is breathtaking! :)
Murat
16 September 2023
One of the oldest, and the biggest, and build with brick, and having astronomy clock, and the peaceful church in Europe. In Oldtown. 16PLN to climb up 400+ stairs for the tower.
The Artificial
28 November 2017
...The city's symbols – Neptune's statue, gothic cathedrals, old, decorative tenement houses, the Crane at Motlawa river, shipyards… are all within walking distance.
Olga Karas
30 December 2016
Можно подняться наверх за 6 злотых. Преодолев 400 ступенек вам откроется шикарный вид на город. Подняться однозначно стоит!
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