Majdal Yaba

Majdal Yaba (Arabic: مجدل يابا‎) was a Palestinian Arab village located 18.5 kilometers (11 mi) northeast of Ramla and 4 kilometers (2 mi) east of Jaffa. A walled city stood at the same site as early as 3000 BCE, and Majdal Yaba is first mentioned by name in texts dating to the 19th century BCE. In the Bible's Old Testament, Majdal Yaba is described as a city conquered from the Canaanites by the Israelites, who then lost it to the Philistines. It is also mentioned in extrabiblical Babylonian and Assyrian texts as a Philistine stronghold. Under Roman rule, the city was known as Antipatris and the Crusaders, who built a fort there, renamed it Mirabel. For a short time under Ottoman rule, its name was changed from Majdal Yaba to Majdal Sadiq and then back again.

Incorporated into British Mandate Palestine in 1922, Majdal Yaba was captured by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war on July 12, 1948. The town was depopulated as a result of the military assault. The number of refugees from Majdal Yaba was estimated at 1,763 in 1948, and they and their descendants were estimated to number over 10,000 in 1998. The Israeli locality of Rosh HaAyin was established on the village lands in 1950, followed by the moshav of Giv'at HaShlosha in 1953.

History

Antiquity

Majdal Yaba stood on the site of a walled city in 3000 BCE, and is first mentioned in Ancient Egyptian texts of the nineteenth century BCE, as well as the fifteenth century topographical list of Thutmose III. According to biblical tradition, the Israelites under Joshua conquered the city from the Canaanites who had established a monumental palace there. With the Philistines advancing toward the city, the Israelites fled towards the hills of Samaria, and Aphek became the northernmost locality in Philistia. The Philistine army assembled in Aphek for two major battles against the Israelites, including the slaughter of Saul and Jonathan on Mount Gilboa and the capture of the Ark of the Covenant (1066 BCE) (1Samuel 4:1-12). From then on, the city is not mentioned in the Bible, but the Assyrians and the Babylonians mention it as a stronghold in the seventh century BCE.

King Herod, who ruled the region on behalf of the Roman Empire between 37-34 BCE, renamed the city Antipatris to commemorate his father Antipater, choosing the site because it was in the "loveliest of plains... with an abundance of rivers and trees." After Caesarea was founded, Antipatris became a major crossroads between the principal port city of Jaffa and Jerusalem. Saint Paul spent a night in Antipatris while he was traveling from Jerusalem to Caesarea (Acts 23:12). The city was devastated during the southern battles of the First Jewish-Roman War from 66-70 CE. Aphek did not recover until the second century CE, but in 363 an earthquake leveled the city.

Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk rule

The Crusaders conquered the Levant from the Arab Muslims in 1099, and built a fortress on the site of Majdal Yaba in 1152, naming it Mirabel. The fort was held against Baldwin of Ibelin by Manasses of Hierges, but eventually fell to Baldwin who ruled it as an independent lordship of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1162 to 1171. In 1166, several lands belonging to the fortress and the harvest of Maribel's fields were given to the Church of St. John the Baptist in Nablus.

In 1177, the Muslim Ayyubids under Saladin marched their army from south of Palestine northwards past Ascalon to the Castle of Mirabel which was being used to defend the road from Jaffa to Jerusalem In July 1187, Saladin's younger brother, al-Adil I, conquered Mirabel, but did not destroy the fortress. According to E.G. Rey there existed among the ruins 'the remains of a fine church of the twelfth century' a claim repeated by T. A. Archer.Chronicler Baha al-Din recorded that in 1191-92, Saladin used it as base for carrying out raids against the Crusaders, and he camped outside of it. However Saladin gave orders to dismantle the walls of "Mirabel" after his defeat at the battle of Arsuf.

While under Ayyubid rule in 1226, Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi mentions it as Majdal Yafa or "Tower of Jaffa", probably due to its proximity to the city of Jaffa. He says it was a village with a "formidable fort". In 1266, and after the fall of Jaffa to the Mamluks, Sultan Baibars sent chiefs from Deir Ghassaneh to protect Majdal Yaba's tower. In the late thirteenth century, Majdal Yafa was abandoned.

Ottoman rule

Majdal Yaba was apparently repopulated when Palestine was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in the early sixteenth century, and by 1596, it was a small village in the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jabal Qubal, part of Sanjak Nablus. It paid taxes on wheat, barley, beehives and goats. The population consisted of 8 Muslim families.

In the nineteenth century, it was named "Majdal al-Sadiq" after Sheikh Muhammad al-Sadiq al-Jamma'ini, the chief of the village and of the prominent Rayyan clan. The Rayyan were a branch of the Bedouin Bani Ghazi tribe that emigrated to Palestine from Jordan in the seventeenth century. According to Eli Smith, by 1843, the fortress (known as the "Rayyan Fortress") in the village was in ruins.

In Thursday, November 7th, 1850 James Finn future British Consul to Jerusalem and Palestine, visited the village and found it and the castle in a very dilapidated condition, he met Sheikh Al Sadiq family, and slept in the castle for a night, he surveyed the church attached to the castle and saw the Greek inscription upon the lintel signifying "Martyr Memorial Church of the Holy Herald,

When Edward Robinson visited in 1852, he reported that the fortress had been rebuilt and also served as a palace for the ruling sheikh. Sheikh al-Sadiq, however, had been banished by the Ottomans. In the 1850s, the Rayyan controlled 22-25 villages in the nahiya of Jamma'in West in Sanjak Nablus, with Majdal Yaba being their main village, where they maintained a fortress and manor. During this time, however, they were embroiled in war with their rival clan, the Qasim — who controlled the Jamma'in East area and also belonged to the Bani Ghazi tribe.

In 1859, Sulayman Rayyan was in control of Majdal Yaba, and by 1860 the Rayyan clan had lost all of their influence in the sanjak after they were defeated by the Qasims. The Rayyan continued to live in and rule Majdal Yaba, but the village ceased to be a center of power. According to the Survey of Western Palestine, the Rayyan were "ruined by the Turkish Government." Members of the survey who visited in 1873 reported a large building of "massive masonry", probably a former church, with a side door inscribed in Greek "Memorial of Saint Cerycus".

In 1888, a school was founded in Majdal Yaba.

British Mandate period

Majdal Yaba was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine in 1922. The layout of the village resembled a parallelogram and its houses were built close together, being only separated by narrow alleys. They were built of mud and straw or stone and cement. Each neighborhood was inhabited by a single hamula ("clan") and contained a diwan for public meetings and receiving guests. The Rayyan family had still not recovered by the beginning of the Mandate Period; it was known to be impovrished, as was the Qasim family. "Dar az-zalimin kharab [the home of the oppressors is ruined]," said peasants when they passed by their kursis. In 1935, a mosque was built in Majdal Yaba and the Ottoman-built school had reopened in 1920, enrolling 147 students in the mid-1940s. There was also a clinic in the village. Agriculture was the basis of the economy, with farmers planting wheat, corn, barley, vegetables, and sesame. They also tended fruit orchards, particularly citrus. Artesian wells irrigated the fields.

1948 War and aftermath

Majdal Yaba was in the territory allotted to the Arab state under the 1947 UN Partition Plan. However, it was occupied by the Second Battalion of the Alexandroni Brigade on July 12, 1948 in Operation Danny, after wresting it from the Iraqi Army who were defending the village during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The nearby village of Ras al-Ein, deserted in the 1920s, was also captured. The New York Times reported that the situation of the surrounded Iraqi troops was "hopeless". The capture of Majdal Yaba also led to the control of the hills lying to the north of the operation zone and the springs of the al-Auja river. Iraqi forces later attempted to recapture the village, but were driven back by Israeli forces after suffering "large losses".

The Israeli town of Rosh HaAyin — which today is a city — was built on village lands in 1950, and in 1953, the Jewish moshav of Giv'at HaShlosha was established on village lands. According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, the Rayyan Fortress still "crowns the site" in addition to the tomb of Sheikh Muhammad Al-Sadiq, and a part of the village cemetery still remains. The fortress is "slowly crumbling" and the dome of the tomb is severely cracked.

Demographics

According to Ottomans records, Majdal Yaba had a population of 44 in 1596. In a 1922 survey by the British Mandate there 796 people living in the village, rising to 966 in a 1931 census. Sami Hadawi recorded a population of 1,520 inhabitants in his 1945 land and population survey. In 1948, it had a projected population of 1,763. Palestinian refugees and their descendants numbered 10,828 in 1998.

See also

  • List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War
  • Migdal Afek

References

Bibliography

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